Municipal law

Municipal law is the law enforced within  a state. It can be classified into two classes , public law and private law. Public law determines and regulates the organization and operating of the state and determines the relationship of the state with its subjects.

Public law is divided into three classes : constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law. Constitutional law determines the type of the state and the structure of the government. It is superordinate to the ordinary law of the land. Constitutional law is written in Bangladesh , India and  USA but unwritten in England, The modern tendency is to have written constitutions.

Administrative law treats with the structure, power and functions of the organization of administration, the limits of their powers, the principles and procedures followed by them and the principles by which their powers are controlled including the legal remedies usable to persons whose ruights havee been infringed.

Criminal law determines offences and prescribes penalties for them. It not only prevents crimes but also punish the offenders. Criminal law is essential for the maintenance of the law and order and peace within the State. In criminal cases, it is the State which starts proceedings against the wrongdoers. The State is always a party in criminal cases. Private law regulates and govern the relations  of citizens with one another. The parties are private individuals and the state determines the disputes among the people. There is great trouble in classifying private law. A general sorting of private law is the law of persons, the law of property, the law  of obligations, the conflict of laws, contracts , quasi contracts and tort.

Critics point out many defects in the above classification of laws. Many of the classes of the laws do mot survive in many legal system in the world. Those branches of law which have recently been developed can not but put under any sorting, The result is that the classification given above is neither universal nor exhaustive. Many jurists have attempted classifications on different precepts New branches of law are growing and developing quickly in different parts of the world and provision has to be made for them in any classification of laws. Industrial law and commercial law are such subjects.